Sapphire

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Significant stones

Name	Weight	Country of Origin	Current Owner
Black Star of Queensland, Star Sapphire	733.00 cts	Australia	Smithsonian Institute
Star of India	563.35 cts	Sri Lanka
Logan sapphire	422.99 cts	Sri Lanka
Star of Asia	330.00 cts	Myanmar
Pride of Queensland	169.00 cts	Australia
Ceylon	151.00 cts	Sri Lanka
Midnight Star	116.75 cts	Sri Lanka
Stewart (Stuart) Sapphire	104.00 cts		British Crown

Sapphire Treatments

Star-diffusion(titanium): Surface-diffusion on a gem already cut into cabochon shape: strong star effect occuring at and just below the surface. Fiber-optic light: shallow fuzzy whitish surface layer. Very fine "silk", thin fabric structure. In most cases, unlike natural, the rays do not show a 90° orientation to color zoning (crystal faces).

Diffusion (beryllium): Most corundum with orangy hue, strong bi-coloration and saturated colours, typically yellow, orange, red-orangy, orangy-pink, pink-purple, hot pink, and padparadscha colour are beryllium treated. Other colours may also result or be improved by this treatment (typically ruby, blue and green sapphires): standard tests are limited especially for clean light gems. Very high heat treatment is required to diffuse the colouring agent into the gem. Resulting inclusions are distorted melted guest crystals such as white formless zircon (often with gas bubble). Most melted crystals are surrounded by discoid fractures often with dendritic pattern (partial recrystallization); they often show a cottony appearence. Dot-like inclusions are common. Colour concentration may be seen arround melted guest crystal. Colour zone following the shape of the gem (rim with distinct coloration from core): immersion in methylen iodide (or coconut/baby oil), diffused transmitted light, frosted complementary colour filters (blue for yellow-orangy).

YELLOW - Heat-treated: darken temporarily if heated (spoon and lighter 2 min or 15 min within 1 cm of 150W spot light). Yellow-orangy once produced by irradiation: colour fading permanently if heated.

Diffusion: colourless to yellow-orangy rim, blue haloes/spots (internal diffusion). Synthetic overgrowth can often be seen at girdle and culet: roiled appearance in transmitted light, light areas between cross-polarizing filters.

BLUE – Heat-treated: dot-like partially dissolved “silk”, rounded melted crystals surrounded by discoid fractures, diffused colour banding, blue spots.

GRAYISH-BLUE and WHITISH to WHITE, semitransparent sapphires with silky lustre due to rutile microinclusions, called "geuda" in Sri Lanka, become transparent and acquire a beautiful, bright blue colour after calcination at temperatures of 1600°C and higher. This is caused by the resorption of rutile and transfer of Ti⁴⁺ ion into the crystal lattice of corundum. This Ti⁴⁺, in combination with Fe²⁺, produces a colour centre. The intensity of the acquired colour is related to the ratio of iron and titanium admixtures in the initial raw material. Increased iron content results in an excessively dark colour (Harder, 1992).

Some COLOURLESS and PALE YELLOW iron-bearing sapphires (Sri Lanka and others) become bright yellow after annealing in oxidizing conditions due to an increase in the number of chromophore centres Fe³⁺ and Fe³⁺+Fe³⁺.

Surface diffusion: looking table down with diffused transmitted light (immersion): colour concentration at facet junctions, in cracks, around girdle (cabs), uneven facet to facet colour distribution. May show natural colour zoning.

THERMAL DIFFUSION method is more universal and is suitable for treatment of pale-coloured sapphires, which are depleted in iron or do not contain oriented inclusions. In these cases the cut sapphires are exposed to a long (one day and more) exposure to temperatures of 1800 to 1900°C in a powder of titanium and iron oxides. Chromium oxide is used to produce pink and red colours, strontium for orange, cobalt for bright blue, etc. The diffusion of chromophore elements produces colour in a thin superficial layer of sapphire to a depth of tenths of a millimeter (Hanni, 1982).

In the 1980s the world market was saturated with annealed light blue and blue sapphires, which caused problems in distinguishing them from rare and more expensive stones with natural colour. "Fire marks", the discoid cracks of internal tension, are easily observed at medium magnification; the complete disappearance of CO₂ inclusions; melted surfaces of large solid inclusions; the occurence of a network of small, thin channels; the sharp contrast between coloured and almost colourless zones; the decrease of dichroism, etc. are evidence of thermal processing. - E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 41

Sapphire Simulants

Some imitations are made from doublets-blue cobalt glass with a crown of garnet or a crown of green sapphire and a pavillion of synthetic blue sapphire. Lately doublets have appeared using 2 small natural sapphires. - Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann, 2001, p 86

Physical Properties of Sapphire

Mohs Hardness

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

Specific Gravity

3.95 to 4.03

Tenacity

Brittle

Cleavage Quality

None

Fracture

Uneven,Conchoidal

Optical Properties of Sapphire

Refractive Index

1.762 to 1.788

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

Optical Character

Uniaxial/-

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

Birefringence

0.008 to 0.009

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

Pleochroism

Pink sapphires - strong: pink - pinkish-red; Orange/brown stones - distinct: brownish-orange - orangy to colorless; Yellow sapphires - weak: light yellow - yellow-(orangy); Violet/purple sapphires - distinct: bluish-purple - yellow-brown/orange; Blue sapphires - strong: dark (violetish) blue - greenish-blue; Green sapphires - distinct: yellow-green - green to blue-green

Dispersion

0.018

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

Chatoyancy

Star 6 - (rare)12

Colour

Colour (General)

Blue in various tones, colorless, pink, orange, yellow, green, purple, black

Colour (Incandescent Light)

In artificial incandescent light, some sapphires can appear to be ink-colored or black-blue.

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

Colour (Chelsea Filter)

Green synthetic: usually red. Pink: reddish.

Causes of Colour

The coloring agents in blue sapphire are iron and titanium; and in violet stones, vanadium. A small iron content results in yellow and green tones; chromium produces pink, iron, and vanadium orange tones.

Transparency

Transparent,Translucent,Opaque

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

Lustre

Subadamantine,Vitreous,Pearly

Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Pearly on parting surfaces

Fluorescence & other light emissions

Fluorescence (General)

Green synthetic: commonly orange to dark red. Yellow/orange: inert to strong orange. Pink: inert to orangy-red; synthetic: commonly strong orangy-red.

Fluorescence (Short Wave UV)

Colorless: mostly inert, sometimes dark red-(orangy), synthetic: common (chalky) blue. Green: inert to weak orangy-red. Yellow/orange synthetic: (very) weak yellowish-orange to pinkish-red. Blue: weaker if any; Synthetic: mostly chalky blue-(green). Heat-treated blue: the colorless portions of the gem may fluoresce chalky blue-(green)

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV)

Colorless: inert to orangy-red; colorless synthetic: inert. Green: inert. Yellow/orange synthetic: strong yellowish to reddish orange. Blue: inert to orangy-red.

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

Crystallography of Sapphire

Crystal System

Trigonal

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

Habit

Doubly pointy, barrel-shaped, hexagonal pyramids, tabloid-shaped

Geological Environment

Where found:

Host rocks of sapphire are dolomotized limestones, marble, basalt, or pegmatite. It is mined mainly from alluvial deposits or deposits formed by weathering, rarely from the primary rock.