Tourmaline

Big Photo

Paraíba Tourmaline
Brazil
1.77 carats
© Palagems

Even though tourmaline has been known since antiquity in the Mediterranean region, the Dutch imported it only in 1703 from Sri Lanka to Western and Central Europe. They gave the new gems a Sinhalese name, Turamali, which is thought to mean "stone with mixed colours".

Tourmaline varies in transparency and colour to a considerable extent. Crystals of tourmaline may be of uniform colour throughout or differently coloured in different portions. The dichroism is a very prominent feature; it is apparent in quite pale-coloured stones, but is more marked in the darker varieties.

A very characteristic feature of tourmaline is the readiness with which it becomes electrified. By heating and subsequent cooling, as well as by applying pressure, e.i. by rubbing, a tourmaline crystal will become electrically charged. It will then attract dust particles as well as small pieces of paper (pyro- and piezo-electricity).

Tourmaline Gemstones by Colour

This table shows the variety of hues this gemstone can be found in. Click on a photo for more information.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Tourmaline Gemstones by Size

This table shows distribution of Tourmaline gemstone sizes that are listed on this site. This can give a good indication as to the general availability of this gemstone in different sizes.
Contributed photos
Lightest:0.15 cts
Heaviest:475.75 cts
Average:8.51 cts
Total photos:307
Do you have a larger Tourmaline? Why not upload a photo?
0.15ct to 47.71ct47.71ct to 95.27ct95.27ct to 142.83ct142.83ct to 190.39ct190.39ct to 237.95ct237.95ct to 285.51ct285.51ct to 333.07ct333.07ct to 380.63ct380.63ct to 428.19ct428.19ct to 475.75ct
General Information
Varieties/Types:
Achroite - A colourless variety of Tourmaline
Chrome-Tourmaline - An emerald-green variety of tourmaline.
Dravite - A sodium magnesium aluminium tourmaline species.
Elbaite - A sodium lithium aluminium tourmaline species.
Copper-bearing Elbaite - A copper-bearing Elbaite.
Fluor-uvite-Uvite Series - A calcium magnesium aluminium tourmaline species.
Indicolite - A blue gemmy variety of tourmaline (usually elbaite).
Liddicoatite - A calcium lithium tourmaline species.
Rubellite - A pink to red gem variety of tourmaline.
Schorl - A sodium iron aluminium tourmaline species.
Verdelite - A green gem variety of tourmaline
Watermelon Tourmaline - A variety of Tourmaline with colour zoning showing a pink core and green edges.
Chemical Formula
Na(Li
 
1.5
Al
 
1.5
)Al
 
6
(Si
 
6
O
 
18
)(BO
 
3
)
 
3
(OH)
 
3
(OH)
Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Formula for elbaite, one of several tourmaline group minerals.More from other references
Tourmaline Treatments
By heating to 842 - 1202 degrees F (450 - 650 degrees C), color changes can be produced in some tourmalines. Some green tourmaline becomes emerald green; other are lightened. The color of tourmalines which have been changed with gamma-irradiation may fade. - Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann, 200, p 112

Coatings on tourmaline give wide range of options for colour, iridescence and other appearance factors.The coating are shallow and can be easily damaged without proper handling. - GIA, 2018
Synthetic Tourmaline
Synthetic tourmalines are used only for research purposes. The stones, offered as synthetic tourmaline, are rarely tourmaline-colored synthetic spinels. - Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann, 2001, p 112
Physical Properties of Tourmaline
Mohs Hardness7 to 7.5
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
More from other references
Specific Gravity2.85 to 3.35
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
More from other references
TenacityBrittle
Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006)
Cleavage QualityPoor
Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Very poorMore from other references
FractureSub-Conchoidal
Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009)
Optical Properties of Tourmaline
Refractive Index1.614 to 1.666
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
More from other references
Optical CharacterUniaxial/-
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
More from other references
Birefringence0.014 to 0.040
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
More from other references
PleochroismPink tourmaline - distinct: colorless-pink - pinkish-red; Orange/brown tourmaline - strong: yellowish-brown - dark(greenish)-brown; Yellow tourmaline - distinct: pale yellow - dark yellow; Violet/purple tourmaline - strong: light purple - purple; Blue - strong: light blue - dark blue; Green - strong: yellow-green - dark green
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
More from other references
Dispersion0.017
Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009)
ChatoyancyTourmaline cat's eyes exist in various colors, but only in the green and pink varieties. Chatoyancy is usually strong, caused by thin tube-like inclusions. Some tourmalines show a slight change of color in artificial light. They have a vitreous sheen ob crystal surfaces, a greasy sheen on fractured surfaces.
Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001)
More from other references
Colour
Colour (General)Multi-colored crystals are common
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
More from other references
TransparencyTransparent,Translucent,Opaque
Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)
More from other references
LustreVitreous
Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009)
Fluorescence & other light emissions
Fluorescence (General)Mostly inert
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
Crystallography of Tourmaline
Crystal SystemTrigonal
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
More from other references
HabitPrismatic to acicular crystals
Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006)
More from other references
Inclusions in Tourmaline
Thread of fiber-like capillaries often plaited in net-like pattern. Angular thin film mirror-like inclusions. Tube-like 2 phase inclusions running parallel to crystal's length: may create chatoyancy - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 5
Flat, film-like liquid inclusions, parallel oriented hollow tubes, needle-like mineral inclusions - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 14
Further Information
Mineral information:Tourmaline information at mindat.org
Significant Gem Localities
Afghanistan
 
  • Badakhshan
    • Jurm District
Glas (2002)
  • Kabul
    • Surobi District
Garnier, V., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Fallick, A.E., Dubessy, J., Banks, D., Vinh, H.Q., Lhomme, T., Maluski, H., Pêcher, A., Bakhsh, K.A., Long, P.V., Trinh, P.T., and Schwarz, D. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 34, 169-191.
[var: Achroite] Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995)
    • Dara-e-Pech District
[var: Indicolite] Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995)
Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995)
  • Nuristan
    • Kamdesh District
[var: Indicolite] Glas (2002)
    • Nilaw-Kolum pegmatite field
E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110
Glas (2002)
Glas (2002)
    • Nurgaram District
Glas (2002)
    • Pachigram pegmatite field
Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995)
    • Parun District
Glas (2002)
[var: Indicolite] Glas (2002)
Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995)
Brazil
 
  • Bahia
    • Brumado
      • Serra das Éguas
Cassedanne and Roditi (1996)
  • Minas Gerais
    • Conselheiro Pena
      • Barra do Cuieté
[var: Elbaite] Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113
Menezes (2009)
      • Ferruginha
Steger (1999)
[var: Rubellite] Cassedanne and Roditi (1996)
[var: Rubellite] Steger (1999)
      • Penha do Norte
    • Coronel Murta
[var: Indicolite] Cassedanne and Roditi (1996)
      • Freire Cardoso
    • Divino das Laranjeiras
      • Linópolis
Steger (1999)
    • Governador Valadares
[var: Elbaite]
    • Itambacuri
[var: Indicolite] Cassedanne and Roditi (1996)
    • Itinga
      • Monte Belo
[var: Indicolite] Cassedanne and Roditi (1996)
[var: Rubellite] Bastos (2002)
[var: Verdelite] Menezes (2009)
Cassedanne and Roditi (1996)
[var: Rubellite] Cassedanne and Roditi (1996)
[var: Indicolite] Menezes (2009)
    • Virgem da Lapa
Cassedanne and Roditi (1996)
  • Paraíba
    • Junco do Seridó
Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113
    • Salgadinho
      • São José da Batalha
[Copper-bearing Elbaite var: Paraíba Tourmaline] Wilson, W. E. (2002): Cuprian elbaite from the Batalha Mine, Paraíba, Brazil. Mineralogical Record, 33: 127-137
  • Rio Grande do Norte
    • Parelhas
Johnson et al. (2000)
Johnson et al. (2000)
China
 
  • Xinjiang
    • Yili Hasake Autonomous Prefecture (Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture)
      • Aletai Prefecture (Altay Prefecture)
        • Fuyun Co. (Koktokay Co.)
Tang et al. (2004)
  • Yunnan
    • Nujiang
Wu (2004)
India
 
  • Rajasthan
    • Ajmer District
[var: Schorl]
Kenya
 
  • Kwale County
Simonet (2000, 2006)
  • Taita-Taveta County
Collection of NHM, Vienna
Simonet (2000)
Madagascar
E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110
  • Alaotra-Mangoro
    • Ambatondrazaka District
      • Ambohitsilaozana
Pezzotta (2006)
[var: Schorl] Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 46
[var: Schorl] Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 46
  • Amoron'i Mania
Pezzotta (1999)
  • Anosy
    • Amboasary Sud District
      • Tranomaro
Madagascar - extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 64
  • Atsimo-Atsinanana
Pezzotta (2006)
  • Haute Matsiatra
    • Ambohimahasoa District
      • Fiadanana
Pezzotta (2006)
    • Ikalamavony District
      • Ikalamavony Commune
Danet (2006)
    • Vohibato District
      • Alakamisy Itenina
Milisenda et al. (2001)
  • Ihorombe
    • Ihosy District
      • Ilakaka
Madagascar - extraLapis English No.1, p. 92
  • Vakinankaratra
    • Antsirabe II District
      • Ibity
        • Sahatany Valley
E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 111
Dirlam at al. (2002)
E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110
    • Betafo District
      • Ambohimanambola
Laurs (2000)
      • Andrembesoa
Danet (2007)
      • Anosiarivo Manapa
        • Antsentsindrano
[var: Rubellite] Lacroix, A. (1912): Sur quelques minéraux des pegmatites du Vakinankaratra (Madagascar). Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie, Paris 35 , 76-84
        • Manapa pegmatite Field
Dirlam at al. (2002)
      • Mahaiza
[var: Schorl] E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 112
Mozambique
 
  • Cabo Delgado Province
mindat.org
  • Nampula Province
    • Mogovolas District
[var: Elbaite]
  • Zambezia Province
    • Gilé District
      • Muiane-Naipa group
[var: Indicolite] Henn and Bank (1997)
[var: Indicolite] Henn and Bank (1997)
[var: Indicolite] Schafer and Arlt (2000)
Myanmar
 
  • Mandalay Region
    • Pyin-Oo-Lwin District
[var: Rubellite]
        • Bernardmyo
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
          • Lay-tha Taung
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
        • Chaung-gyi
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
        • Kathé (Kathe)
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
        • Kin (Guard Post)
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
        • Kyatpyin Central
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
        • Kyatpyin North
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
        • Kyauk-Pyat-That
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
          • Thurein-taung
[var: Dravite] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
[var: Elbaite] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
        • Mogok Valley
          • Dattaw-taung (Dattaw hill)
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
[var: Dravite] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
[var: Elbaite] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
        • On-dan
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
        • Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit)
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
[var: Dravite] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
    • Yamethin District
[var: Elbaite] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
  • Sagaing Region
    • Katha District
      • Wuntho Township
[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
  • Shan State
    • Kyaukme District
[var: Rubellite] Kyi et al. (2005)
Glas (2002)
Namibia
 
  • Erongo Region
    • Dâures Constituency
      • Uis
Mossman (2002)
    • Karibib Constituency
[var: Indicolite] Schneider and Seeger (1992)
      • Otjua Farm 37
[var: Indicolite] Mossman (2002)
[var: Indicolite] Schneider and Seeger (1992)
Beard (1999)
Nepal
 
  • P1 Koshi Pradesh
    • Sankhuwasabha District
Bassett (1987)
  • P4 Gandaki Pradesh
Koivula et al. (1994)
  • P6 Karnali Pradesh
Bassett (1987)
Nigeria
 
  • Oyo
    • Atisbo
Henn (2001)
Pakistan
 
  • Azad Jammu and Kashmir
    • Neelum District
Laurs et al. (1998)
  • Gilgit-Baltistan
    • Astore District
      • Drot Valley
E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110
    • Gilgit District
Laurs et al. (1998)
    • Roundu District
Glas (2002)
      • Haramosh Mts.
[var: Indicolite] Laurs et al. (1998)
    • Shigar District
      • Braldu Valley
Glas (2002)
Russia
 
  • Sverdlovsk Oblast
    • Rezhevsky District
      • Lipovsk pegmatite field
Smith and Smith (1995)
  • Zabaykalsky Krai
    • Krasnochikoysky District
      • Krasnyi Chikoy
        • Malkhan pegmatite field
[var: Rubellite] Godovikov and Bulgak (1993)
[var: Rubellite] Godovikov and Bulgak (1993)
[var: Rubellite] Godovikov and Bulgak (1993)
Sri Lanka
 
  • North Central Province
Milisenda and Henn (1999)
  • Sabaragamuwa Province
    • Ratnapura District
Milisenda and Henn (1999)
[var: Achroite]
Tajikistan
 
  • Gorno-Badakhshan
    • Kukurt river
    • Murghob
    • Rangkul' Highlands
Skrigitil (1996)
    • Shughnon
      • Shakhdara Range
Skrigitil (1996)
Tanzania
 
  • Manyara Region
http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat/nenam/tanzania-mines.htm
    • Simanjiro District
[var: Chrome-Tourmaline]
      • Lelatema Mountains
Dirlam at al. (1992)
  • Ruvuma Region
    • Tunduru District
gemexplorer.org
USA
 
  • California
    • San Diego County
      • Mesa Grande Mining District
        • Gem Hill
[var: Elbaite] Min.Rec.:20(5):399. / Foord, E.E. (1977): Famous mineral localities. The Himalaya Dike System. Mineralogical Record 8, 461-475
      • Pala Mining District
        • Pala
          • Chief Mountain
            • Pala Chief Mine (Chief mine; MS 6452; Salmons mine)
Morgan and London (1999)
          • Tourmaline Queen Mountain (Pala Mtn; Queen Mtn)
[var: Indicolite] Fisher et al. (1999)
[var: Elbaite] Fisher, J. 2002. Gem and rare-element pegmatites of southern California. Mineralogical Record, Vol. 33: pages 378-381.
      • Ramona Mining District
        • Ramona
Morgan and London (1999)
      • Warner Springs Mining District
        • Warner Springs
[var: Achroite] Laurs (2001, 2002, 2004)
  • Maine
    • Oxford County
      • Newry
[var: Achroite] Freeman (2005)
      • Paris
[var: Achroite] Freeman (2005)
  • North Carolina
    • Cleveland County
      • Shelby
Vietnam
 
  • Yên Bái Province
    • Lục Yên District
Pham et al. (2004)
Pham et al. (2004)
Pham et al. (2004)
Zambia
 
  • Central Province
    • Mkushi District
      • Mkushi
        • Mkushi Pegmatite Region
Milisenda et al. (2000)
Zimbabwe
 
  • Mashonaland West
    • Karoi District
      • Mwami (Miami)
Glas (2002)
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