Topaz

Big Photo

Imperial Topaz
Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
53.80 carats
© Palagems

Topaz is named from Greek "topazion" for a type of gemstone, probably after Sanskrit "tapas" - fire, alluding to the brilliance of gem-quality material. Topaz has been known from antiquity.

Topaz occurs in a broad colour change: red, pink, purple, yellow, orange, brown, blue, green, colorless. Imperial Topaz is the most valuable. Red and pink topaz crystals are also rare and highly prized.

Topaz varies in value according to its quality; large crystals are found quite as frequently as small, consequently the value of cut stones is proportionate to their size.

Topaz is not very tough and because of its cleavage it requires special care in cutting, polishing, mounting and wear.

Topaz Gemstones by Colour

This table shows the variety of hues this gemstone can be found in. Click on a photo for more information.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Topaz Gemstones by Size

This table shows distribution of Topaz gemstone sizes that are listed on this site. This can give a good indication as to the general availability of this gemstone in different sizes.
Contributed photos
Lightest:0.43 cts
Heaviest:159.14 cts
Average:11.68 cts
Total photos:171
Do you have a larger Topaz? Why not upload a photo?
0.43ct to 16.30ct16.30ct to 32.17ct32.17ct to 48.04ct48.04ct to 63.91ct63.91ct to 79.79ct79.79ct to 95.66ct95.66ct to 111.53ct111.53ct to 127.40ct127.40ct to 143.27ct143.27ct to 159.14ct
General Information
Varieties/Types:
Imperial Topaz - Strong orange, pinkish or red topaz.
Mystic Topaz - Topaz artificially coated with titanium or another metal to give a multicoloured sheen.
Chemical Formula
Al
 
2
SiO
 
4
(OH,F)
 
2
Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)
More from other references
Topaz Treatments
Irradiation followed by heat-treatment produces most blue colors. Irradiation also produces yellow, orange, red, brownish, pinkish and greenish colors: often unstable, may fade upon direct exposure to sunlight. Coated entirely or partially: may show peeled coating at facet junctions, iridescence (reflecting light), spotty coloration. Some surface-treatments are removed only with acids (mostly green and blue) - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 5
Synthetic Topaz
Good imitations of topaz can be made by fusing strass with a certain amount of glass of antimony (antimony oxide) and with a trace of purple of Cassius (a compound containing gold) or with a little iron oxide. Purple of Cassius gives a darker, more reddish-yellow, and iron oxide a paler yellow. Such imitations may be distinguished from genuine stones by their single refraction, lower specific gravity, much lower degree of hardness, and by the entire absence of dichroism. - Precious Stones, Max Bauer, 1968, p 333
Physical Properties of Topaz
Mohs Hardness8
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
More from other references
Specific Gravity3.49 to 3.57
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
More from other references
Cleavage QualityPerfect
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
More from other references
FractureConchoidal
Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009)
Optical Properties of Topaz
Refractive Index1.606 to 1.644
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
More from other references
Optical CharacterBiaxial/+
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
More from other references
Birefringence0.008 to 0.011
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
More from other references
PleochroismPink topaz - distinct: colorless - pale pink - pink;
Red topaz - distinct: dark red - yellow - pinkish-red;
Orange/brown - distinct: yellow-brown - brown; Yellow topaz - weak: pale yellow - honey-yellow - yellow; Violet/purple topaz - distinct: colorless - pale pink - purple; Blue topaz - weak: colorless - (pinkish) - bluish; Green topaz - weak: colorless - light green - blue-green
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
More from other references
Dispersion0.014
Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009)
Colour
Colour (General)Colourless, yellow, yellow-brown, reddish-brown, blue, green, pink, red, violet
Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)
More from other references
Causes of ColourBlue, color centers of unknown structure. Green, yellow and blue color centers. Yellow, color center of unknown nature. Orange ("imperial topaz"), yellow color center and Cr3+ in octahedral coordination. Pink, Cr3+ - in octahedral coordination. Reddish brown ("sherry topaz"), yellow and red color centers.
W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011)
TransparencyTransparent
Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)
More from other references
LustreVitreous
Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009)
Fluorescence & other light emissions
Fluorescence (General)Pink: weak - brown; Red: weak - yellow-brown; Yellow: weak - orange-yellow
Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001)
Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV)Colorless, blue: inert to yellow-(greenish); golden, brownish, pink: often yellow-orangy
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
Crystallography of Topaz
Crystal SystemOrthorhombic
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
More from other references
HabitPrisms with multi-faceted ends, often 8-sided in cross-section striations along length.
Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001)
More from other references
Geological Environment
Where found:Topaz occurs most commonly in such igneous rocks as granites, granite
pegmatites and rhyolites, occupying veins or cavities. Resulting most often from late-stage pneumatolytic action, topaz is commonly found in greisen.
Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006)
Inclusions in Topaz
Liquid inclusions, two- and three-phase inclusions, healing cracks, needle-like crystals - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 13
Further Information
Mineral information:Topaz information at mindat.org
Significant Gem Localities
Afghanistan
 
  • Badakhshan
    • Jurm District
Blauwet (2004)
  • Nangarhar
    • Surkh Rod District
Menzies (1995)
  • Nuristan
    • Kamdesh District
D. Blauwet (2009)
Brazil
 
  • Minas Gerais
    • Caraí
Morteani et al. (2002)
Mossman (2001)
      • Antônio Pereira
Mossman (2001)
      • Rodrigo Silva
        • Boa Vista
Morteani et al. (2002)
Mossman (2001)
      • Saramenha
Menzies (1995)
    • Pedra Azul pegmatite district
Mossman (2001)
    • Virgem da Lapa
Morteani et al. (2002)
  • Rondônia
    • Ariquemes
Morteani et al. (2002)
Canada
 
  • British Columbia
    • Atlin Mining Division
      • Bennett
Wilson (2007, 2010)
China
 
  • Jiangxi
    • Ganzhou
      • Dayu Co.
        • Xihuashan ore field
B. Ottens (2009)
  • Xinjiang
    • Yili Hasake Autonomous Prefecture (Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture)
      • Aletai Prefecture (Altay Prefecture)
        • Fuyun Co. (Koktokay Co.)
          • Koktokay pegmatite field (Keketuohai pegmatite field)
            • Altay Mine
B. Ottens (2009)
Kazakhstan
 
  • Karaganda Region
    • Shet District
      • Akshatau (Aqshatau)
Smith and Smith (1995)
Madagascar
E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110
  • Alaotra-Mangoro
Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 46
  • Atsimo-Atsinanana
Milisenda et al. (2001)
  • Betsiboka
    • Tsaratanàna District
      • Ambakireny
Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 43
  • Ihorombe
    • Ihosy District
      • Ilakaka
Milisenda et al. (2001)
Mozambique
 
  • Zambezia Province
    • Gilé District
      • Muiane-Naipa group
J. Marques (2009)
Myanmar
 
  • Mandalay Region
    • Pyin-Oo-Lwin District
      • Mogok Township
        • Bernardmyo
          • Lay-tha Taung
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
        • Chaung-gyi
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
        • Kin (Guard Post)
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
        • Kyatpyin Central
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
        • Kyatpyin North
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
        • Kyauk-Pyat-That
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Hughes (1997)
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
          • Yadanar-kaday-kadar
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
        • Mogok Valley
          • Dattaw-taung (Dattaw hill)
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
        • Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit)
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
    • Yamethin District
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Namibia
 
  • Erongo Region
    • Dâures Constituency
      • Spitzkopje Area
Cairncross (2005)
Pakistan
 
  • Gilgit-Baltistan
    • Astore District
Muhammad (2004)
Muhammad (2004)
    • Gilgit District
Menzies (1995)
Blauwet (2004)
Muhammad (2004)
    • Roundu District
      • Haramosh Mts.
        • Chamachhu
Muhammad (2004)
Muhammad (2004)
Muhammad (2004)
    • Shigar District
      • Braldu Valley
Blauwet (2004)
Blauwet (2004)
Muhammad (2004)
Blauwet (2004)
Blauwet (2004)
Blauwet (2004)
Muhammad (2004)
Muhammad (2004)
Muhammad (2004)
Muhammad (2004)
  • Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province
    • Mardan District
      • Katlang
Einfalt (2002)
Russia
 
  • Chelyabinsk Oblast
    • Plastovsky District
      • Plast
        • Kochkar' District
[var: Imperial Topaz]
  • Sverdlovsk Oblast
    • Prigorodny District
Evseev (1994)
      • Yuzhakovo
P. Lyckberg (2009)
  • Zabaykalsky Krai
    • Krasnochikoysky District
      • Krasnyi Chikoy
        • Malkhan pegmatite field
Evseev (1994)
    • Nerchinsky District
      • Adun-Cholon Range
        • Sherlova Gora
E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 116
E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 116
Sri Lanka
 
  • Central Province
    • Matale District
G. Zoysa (2009)
  • Sabaragamuwa Province
    • Ratnapura District
G. Zoysa (2009)
G. Zoysa (2009)
Econ Geol (1981) 76:733-738
Tajikistan
 
  • Gorno-Badakhshan
    • Kukurt river
    • Rangkul' Highlands
Skrigitil (1996)
Ukraine
 
  • Zhytomyr Oblast
    • Zhytomyr Raion
Evseev (1994)
USA
 
  • California
    • San Diego County
      • Ramona Mining District
        • Ramona
Fisher (2002, 2008)
  • Colorado
    • Park County
Fisher (2002, 2008)
  • Maine
    • Sagadahoc County
  • Montana
    • Lewis and Clark County
      • East Helena
        • Eldorado Bar
E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 70
  • Utah
    • Juab County
      • Detroit Mining District
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Vietnam
 
Pham et al. (2004)
  • Thanh Hóa Province
    • Thường Xuân District
Pham et al. (2004)
Zimbabwe
 
  • Mashonaland West
    • Karoi District
      • Mwami (Miami)
L.F. Marsh and F. Mutugumbate (2009)
  • Midlands
    • Gweru District
L.F. Marsh and F. Mutugumbate (2009)
Copyright © Jolyon & Katya Ralph 1993-2024. Site Map. Photographs are copyright of the individuals who submitted them. For more information please contact the . Gemdat.org is an online information resource dedicated to providing free gemmological information to all.