Turquoise
Turquoise was one of the earliest gems to be used for personal adornment. It was used by Ancient Egypt rulers around 5500 BC. The name Turquoise dates to 16th century and derived from Old French word for "Turkish", because it entered Western Europe through Asia Minor.
Turquoise is opaque sky-blue, blue-green or apple-green stone with brown, dark gray, or black veins of other minerals or the host rock. It can also be intergrown with
malachite and
chrysocolla.
General Information |
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Chemical Formula | Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references |
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Turquoise Treatments |
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Commonly impregnated with wax to enchance color or plastic to increase durability: SG on low side, hot pont test, scratch test. May be dyed: color concentration along fractures. Acetone may reveal the dye if not coated. Zachery treatment tests limited. Porosity reduced: doesn't absorb liquids unlike most untreated natural stones, doesn't "discolor" in water. High quality polish. Even (strong) coloration, color concentration diffused along fractures - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 5 |
Turquoise Simulants |
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Dyed howlite, dyed magnesite, variscite - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 5
Glass can be used as imitation, but it can be identified by the luster of the small fractures on these pieces of opaque blue glass. - GIA, 2018 |
Synthetic Turquoise |
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Synthetic magnification: granular structure - "fish-eggs", "cream-of-wheat". May show black "spiderweb matrix" (rounded pattern). Strong transmitted light: usually translucent - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 5 |
Physical Properties of Turquoise |
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Mohs Hardness | 5 to 6Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references |
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Specific Gravity | 2.30 to 2.90Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references |
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Cleavage Quality | NoneWalter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references |
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Fracture | ConchoidalArthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) |
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Optical Properties of Turquoise |
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Refractive Index | 1.610 to 1.650Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references |
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Optical Character | Biaxial/+Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references |
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Birefringence | 0.040Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references |
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Pleochroism | AbsentWalter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) |
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Dispersion | NoneWalter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) |
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Colour |
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Colour (General) | Light blue, bluish-green, green, greenish-blueUlrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references |
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Colour (Chelsea Filter) | No reactionHerve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) |
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Causes of Colour | Blue, Cu2+ in octahedral coordinationW. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) |
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Transparency | Translucent,OpaqueHerve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references |
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Lustre | Waxy,Dull (Earthy)Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) |
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Fluorescence & other light emissions |
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Fluorescence (General) | Weak; green-yellow, light blueWalter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references |
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Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV) | Inert to moderate whitish blueHerve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) |
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Crystallography of Turquoise |
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Crystal System | TriclinicHerve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references |
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Habit | Fine-grained, massive aggregate, partly as nodules or botryoidal groupsUlrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references |
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Inclusions in Turquoise |
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May contain inclusions of pyrite, calcite, etc - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 5 |
Further Information |
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Mineral information: | Turquoise information at mindat.org |
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Significant Gem Localities |
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| China | |
| Liu (1999) | | Kenya | |
| | | Mexico | |
| Sinkankas (1997) | | USA | |
| Sinkankas (1997) |
- Turquoise Mining District (Courtland-Gleeson Mining District)
| Sinkankas (1997) |
- Globe-Miami Mining District
- Miami-Inspiration Mining District
| Sinkankas (1997) |
- Lone Star Mining District (Safford Mining District; Dos Pobres Mining District)
| Sinkankas (1997) |
| Sinkankas (1997) |
| Sinkankas (1997) |
- Silver Lake Mining District
| Sinkankas (1997) |
- Bonanza Mining District (Kerber Creek Mining District; Blake Mining District)
| Sinkankas (1997) |
| Sinkankas (1997) |
| Nevada, Lithographie, 2013, p. 53 |
| Nevada, Lithographie LTD, 2013 |
| Sinkankas (1997) |
| Sinkankas (1997) |
| Sinkankas (1997) |
- Burro Mountains Mining District
| Sinkankas (1997) |
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