Copal

Copal is a solidified, volatile, rich plant resin, that can be colourless, yellow, brown or rarely reddish. It is a relatively recent fossil resin, which may have only tens or hundreds of years unlike Amber (millions years).

Copal is frequently used as an imitation of Amber.

Kauri gum is a variety of Copal from New Zealand. Manila is the Copal from the Philippines and Indonesia. Dammar is a variety of Copal from Malaysia. Congo is a name for Copal from east and central Africa and Colombia where the Copal resin is sold as Colombian amber.
General Information
Chemical Formula
C
 
10
H
 
16
O + H
 
2
S
Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)
Physical Properties of Copal
Mohs Hardness2 to 3
Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)
More from other references
Specific Gravity1.05 to 1.10
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
More from other references
Optical Properties of Copal
Refractive Index1.539 to 1.545
Roger Dedeyn, Tables of Gemstone Identification (2007)
Optical CharacterIsotropic
Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)
Colour
Colour (General)Yellow, white, red, green, blue, brown, black
Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)
Causes of ColourCharge transfer processes in large organic molecules
Gems & Gemology (1988)
TransparencyTransparent,Translucent,Opaque
Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)
Fluorescence & other light emissions
Fluorescence (Short Wave UV)Possible whitish reaction
Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
Crystallography of Copal
Crystal SystemAmorphous
Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)
Geological Environment
Where found:Copal is a fossil resin that derived from various tropical angiosperms.
Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006)
Inclusions in Copal
Plant and insect inclusions. - Gemstones, A. Thomas, 2009, p. 199
Further Information
Mineral information:Copal information at mindat.org
Copyright © Jolyon & Katya Ralph 1993-2024. Site Map. Photographs are copyright of the individuals who submitted them. For more information please contact the . Gemdat.org is an online information resource dedicated to providing free gemmological information to all.